Impact of Globalization on Indian Education - 3068 Words

| | |Impact of Globalization on Indian Education | | | |S.Deepalakshmi, | |hariharan.deepalakshmi@gmail.com†¦show more content†¦It is only through improving the educational status of a society that the multi-faceted development of its people can be ensured Basically Indian Education system is composed of three components and they are Primary education, Secondary education and Higher education. Today, in the age of privatization, globalization and lib eralization, India is exposed to the world in all spheres. In the present competitive world, expansion, excellence and inclusion are the three challenges of Indian education system. The age old system of education has to be reformed. Practical knowledge should be given more priority than theoretical knowledge. Indian Education System Indian education has its own history of development. In the earlier times, Gurukulas dominated the society, which emphasized the traditional and cultural education, which had its own restriction. But Indian education system got an impetus after the invasion of the British. Western education exerted its influence on the Indian education system, under the British rule. McCauley’s education policy is worthy of note. Scientific and technological education gained more importance than traditional and cultural education in this era. But in the post-independence period, our constitution made the education a fundamental right and enacted a law for compulsory education up to 14 years. Today higher education gives more importance toShow MoreRelatedImpact of Globalization on Non Western Culture Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Globalization on Non Western Cultures Examples of Globalization’s Impact Globalization is far reaching in this day and age. Globalization is the worldwide flow of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture. It leads to a greater interdependence and mutual awareness among the people of the world (Tischler, 2011, 2007, p. 430). 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In this paper we willRead MoreGlobalization Is A Major Point Of Negativity1469 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is defined in many ways. â€Å"Globalization generally refers to the expansion of global communications, growing social and political interdependence and the development of a planetary rather than national awareness among many of the world’s people (Anderson, 98).† The process of globalization is allowing people from all over the world be more interconnected with one another. The process is seen in many different ways. Our clothing is no longer made in the United States, today we look at

Industrial Relations in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Industrial Relations in Australia. Answer: Introduction The following paper discusses about the various aspects of the industrial relations that have been predominant in the country of Australia. Australia has been a country where the laws and regulations for the work in government organizations have changed many times over the past two decades. This proves that the employees have suffered many setbacks from time to time in this time. The relationship between the employers and the employees has always remained at the focal point when discussing these facts. In this paper, the concept of the employee-employer relationship has to be discussed along with the description about the Fair Work Act that was designed in the year 2009. Many things are related in this scenario. The things like Neo-Institutional approach will be discussed here. The parties like the individual employees in the workplace, the workers unions and the interference of the political parties, the role of the employers and their respective associations and most importantly th e role of the government in this aspect will be explained here. The fair work commission has a big role to play here as well. Neo-Institutional approach Neo Institutional theory has been considered as one of the most important approaches or theories in the modern context (Fredriksson, Pallas and Wehmeier 2013). This is because it has a lot to do with politics in the modern workplaces. In this theory, the principal perception is to clarify how the organizations should be run in the new era. This includes the development of the institutions, spreading their names and how they become legitimate organizations by getting involved in one after another (Fredriksson, Pallas and Wehmeier 2013). This theory has been regarded as one of the most important aspects in the entire culture of the workplaces and organizations in this new era. The government organizations are not excluded from feeling the impact of this theory as well. This encompasses the cultural traditions and beliefs in the new period of business revolution. The first focuses that were being laid on to the factors of neo institutionalism were the isomorphism and legitimating (Salomon and Wu 2012). This approach did not put much attention on the human orientation. These certain public policies had an effect on the growth and development of the organizations. The two theories that are combined with the advent of this approach or theory are institutional theory and resources dependence theory. This approach has been evolved through the economy development and it helps to recognize the institutions that are considered to be informal. This approach has its roots in the political science where it derives the opinion of the rational selection of the individuals within the society as well as the social institutions (Salomon and Wu 2012). This recommendation of this theory is that the State must be strong in nature but its powers and influences must be limited in nature (Suddaby, Seidl and L 2013). Workplace Relations Act 1996 The workplace relations act is a legislative framework that addresses the work choices that the employees can opt for or relate themselves to in a real time (Workplace Relations Act 2017). It was designed for the employees and the employers as well. The Work Choices had been one of the important subparts in that particular legislation. The contemporary government in Australia had made several changes before introducing this act for the public and they enforced it in the Federal industrial relations in Australia (Workplace Relations Act 2017). These changes in the Work Choices in the Workplace Relations act include the various factors like:- Using of secret ballots in the industrial action was made to be mandatory (Frege 2017). Five minimum workplace conditions had to be created (Workplace Relations Act 2017). A single national industrial relations system had to be formed and applied in every corporation within the country. The allowable matters which could have been covered by presenting awards, had to be reduced in a good number. Certified Agreements and Australian Workplace Agreements had to be created so that the employees could have a better future in the organizations (Workplace Relations Act 2017). Restrictions were created in the matters that could be allowed anyway. The concept of pattern bargaining was completely outlawed by this legislative framework (Frege 2017). The companies which had less than 101 employees because of the unfair dismissal by the companies were exempted from government registers (Workplace Relations Act 2017). Fair Work Act 2009 This legislative framework for the better employment relations has been very effective in terms of the entire employment relations in Australia. As a whole, this is called the national workplace relations system (Fair Work Ombudsman 2017). This system was designed for a balanced framework for the productive workplace relations in the workplaces around the country. The things that have been outlined in this act are:- It has said about the terms and conditions of the employment from perspectives of both the employer and the employees. All the rights of the employees, employers and the organizations have been outlined in this framework. These rights include the recruitment process, employee retention, termination and many other related processes (Fair Work Ombudsman 2017). This act also provides the employees for a guaranteed safety net of fair and relevant minimum terms and conditions that secures the rights for both of them. They get this security through the National Employment Standards (NES), Modern Awards and National Minimum Wage orders. These things have helped to create a safe working environment for the employees (Fair Work Ombudsman 2017). Pluralism approach in the neo institutionalism theory The neo institutionalism has been divided into two approaches that are the pluralism and unitarism. The approach of pluralism has got the more affinity with the current industrial relations all over the world. Some of the features in the neo pluralism approach are:- The balance of the individual rights for the workers with the corporate social responsibility of the employers Significance of the community action on the voluntary basis with the moral construction of the employee organizations The families, schools and other social institutions have to take the roles of creating a good character The existing social institutions have to be regenerated The role of the moral and social cohesion lies on the hands of the trade unions in the workplaces. It has been said by the experts that the pluralism creates a certain representation gap in the society as also it tends to weaken the flavor of the democratic society. The staff associations, trade unions and the employee organizations must consult with themselves about certain things because they are the most important things in the industrial relations. The neo-pluralism has gained some important significance in the Australian context. This approach is quite superior in many aspects. These are:- This would be able to provide a normative framework in the Australian context and relating to the premises that have been described in the Fair Work Act 2009. This approach depicts that the employment relations is quite an assymetrical one. This is inclined towards the employer mainly. Some employers are ethically very careless and do not have the chance to co-exist with the employees. The way to make them aware about these responsibilities is to apply the ethical hegemony. This approach establishes a strong ethical cohesion for the social partnerships between the employees and employers at the workplace. These things will help to build a symmetrical connection with the Fair Work Act 2009 where the employees must be given certain facilities in the workplace and they must not be deprived of their primary rights. They cannot be forced to do anything or indulge into unethical works forcefully. National Employment Standards The National Employment Standards are the standard legislative framework for the compliance in the Australian business environments (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2017). These rules and regulations have to be maintained by all the organizations, irrespective of their market size, industry or the other unique conditions. The elements that fall under this are:- Working hours for employees Right request for flexible working hours and arrangements Parental leaves (both maternal and paternal) Personal and compassionate leaves Public holidays Long service leaves Termination notice and redundancy pay Fair work statements Community service leaves Annual leaves The role of the employees, employers, employee unions, employer associations and the government itself has a huge role to play in the industrial relations in Australia (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2017). The various roles that the unions play in this modern business environment are:- They work with the management to solve the issues at workplace (Nicholson-Crotty Grissom and Nicholson-Crotty 2012). They work as advocates for the employees They make sure that the employers meet with the minimum obligations They see to the fact if the workplace safety laws are obeyed by the employers (Nicholson-Crotty Grissom and Nicholson-Crotty 2012). They indulge in the bargaining process with the employers to come to a negotiable agreement (Shaw, Kristman and Vzina 2013). The employer associations make the policies for the employees and work to if the employees are suffering from any problems in the workplace (Poole 2013). They set up policies for the employees to work within the organizations and maintain the integrity at the workplace. They also consult with the representatives to fix the strategies for the growth of the organization, planning to celebrate the different occasions, celebrating the birthdays of the employees and many more (Poole 2013). The government also has some contributions in maintain good industrial relations at the workplace (Deakin and Morris 2012). They regulate the legislative frameworks to maintain inside the organization. The government also fixes a certain range of wages for the employees at different standards. They also help to set the minimum wages at the workplace. The government sets the different workplace determinations that are made in the case of the low paid employees. The other cases in which the government can interfere are the unfair dismissal, industrial action, right of entry of the trade union officials to the workplaces, disputes the settlements in the organizations, transfer of business and some other important factors (Bamber 2013). Conclusion The conclusion to this paper can be drawn by saying that Australian industrial relations have been a trajectory of a number of things beginning from shifting to the neo institutional theory and the introduction of new laws and regulations in the country. The acts like Fair Work Act 2009 and the Work Choices in the Workplace Relations Act 1996 has been effective in determining the relationship between the employees and employers in the organizations. The role of the employee unions or the trade unions, employer organizations and the government has a huge impact in defining the industrial relations of the country. References Bamber, G.J., 2013.New Technology (Routledge Revivals): International Perspectives on Human Resources and Industrial Relations. Routledge. Deakin, S.F. and Morris, G.S., 2012.Labour law. Hart publishing. Fair Work Ombudsman. (2017). Fair Work Ombudsman. [online] Available at: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/legislation [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Fair Work Ombudsman. (2017). National Employment Standards. [online] Available at: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/national-employment-standards [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Fredriksson, M., Pallas, J. and Wehmeier, S., 2013. Public relations and neo-institutional theory.Public Relations Inquiry,2(2), pp.183-203. Frege, C.M., 2017.Social Partnership at Work: Workplace relations in post-unification Germany(Vol. 4). Taylor Francis. Nicholson-Crotty, S., Grissom, J.A. and Nicholson-Crotty, J., 2012. Governance and the impact of public employee unions on organizational performance.Public Performance Management Review,35(3), pp.422-448. Poole, M., 2013.Industrial relations: origins and patterns of national diversity(Vol. 4). Routledge. Powell, W.W. and DiMaggio, P.J. eds., 2012.The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. University of Chicago Press. Salomon, R. and Wu, Z., 2012. Institutional distance and local isomorphism strategy.Journal of International Business Studies,43(4), pp.343-367. Shaw, W.S., Kristman, V.L. and Vzina, N., 2013. Workplace issues. InHandbook of work disability(pp. 163-182). Springer New York. Suddaby, R., Seidl, D. and L, J.K., 2013. Strategy-as-practice meets neo-institutional theory. Workplace Relations Act. (2017). Workplace Relations Act. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2006C00104 [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017].

Think free essay sample

It is atop the shingles above my garage, next to my bedroom window, under my twin oak tree where I frequent a perch, content on my roof. A place to think, to relax, to read, to escape: my roof is steady. Facing east, I can watch the sun rise over the city skyline; facing west, I witness the sun drop into the trees, taking with it, the colors of the sky. During the day I watch the trees sway to the rhythm of the wind. My eyes follow the squirrels as they jump from tree to tree, always leaving a trail of rustling leaves. I listen to the birds’ morning songs, and I listen to the crickets’ nightly melodies. I count the stars and trace the paths of planes. Come evening with the windows open, I listen to the sizzle of my mother cooking dinner simultaneously mingle with my father’s modulated tuning of the guitar. We will write a custom essay sample on Think or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Looking up into the sky I feel small as I take in the expansive universe above me. Yet I feel content up high knowing I am a little closer the breathtaking world overhead. On this roof my thoughts are extensive, wide-ranging and sweeping as the sky. I become an observer and absorb everything around me. Watching the cars roll by, oblivious, blind to their surroundings, I pity them. Then reality catches up, and I remember society and life and responsibility take precedence, and I accept the sad fact. At the same time however, I find it consequential to take the time every once in a while to stop. To absorb the world, appreciating its quirks and wonders. I can think about everything at once and yet nothing at all on the roof. I can listen to everything and nothing. I can play Pink Floyd’s Wish You Were Here and Daughter’s Youth, or I can resort to nature’s sweet songs. I think about the idea of thinking, and I think about space and life and the immense size of everything. I self reflect and think about the different sides of myself. My contrasting moods and my various friends pass through my head, everything intermingling and linking in odd connections left from right, yet at the same time typifying the randomness of the world. Lately, I have been thinking about my future and its endless possibilities along with my seemingly incapability to make any decisions. At 17 years old I do not know how I am supposed to select a place to spend my next four years and prepare myself for a career I am supposed to have for the rest of my life. I wonder how to choose between my love for both the city’s commotion and chaos and my love for the natural world and its silent beauty. In the end it comes down to diligence and hard work to create opportunities and possibilities. I need to carve my path and hope for happiness; I hope for the serene content I experience on the roof and make sure I stay true to my passions, as soon as I discover what such passions are. I will continue thinking and challenging my ideas and thoughts and keep improving myself. I find that alone time on my roof where I can think is just as vital to my growth as the priceless moments and memories I create with my dearest friends and family. Thinking, breathing, living and being. This could happen anywhere, I suppose. It just so happens my roof is the perfect niche in the space I need.

Biography of Alphonse Mucha, Czech Art Nouveau Artist

Biography of Alphonse Mucha, Czech Art Nouveau Artist Alphonse Mucha (July 24, 1860–July 14, 1939) was a Czech illustrator and painter. He is best-remembered for his Art Nouveau posters of plays staged in Paris featuring Sarah Bernhardt, one of the greatest actors of all time. Late in his career, he created the 20 monumental paintings that are known as the Slav Epic depicting the history of Slavic people. Fast Facts: Alphonse Mucha Occupation: ArtistBorn: July 24, 1860 in Ivancice, Austria-HungaryDied: July 14, 1939 in Prague, CzechoslovakiaEducation: Munich Academy of Fine ArtsSelected Works: Sarah Bernhardt theater posters, La Plume magazine covers, The Slav Epic (1910-1928)Notable Quote: Art exists only to communicate a spiritual message. Early Life Born to a working-class family in southern Moravia, then a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now part of the Czech Republic, Alphonse Mucha demonstrated a talent for drawing as a young boy. At the time, access to paper was considered a luxury, but a local shop owner who was impressed with Muchas talent provided it for free. In 1878, Alphonse Mucha applied to attend the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague, but he was unsuccessful. In 1880, at age 19, he traveled to Vienna and found work as an apprentice scenery painter in local theaters. Unfortunately, the Ringtheater, one of Muchas companys key clients, burned in 1881, and Mucha found himself jobless. He traveled back to Moravia and met Count Khuen Belasi who became the young artists patron. With funding from Count Khuen, Alphonse Mucha enrolled in the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. Art Student and Parisian Success Mucha moved to Paris in 1888. He enrolled first in the Academie Julian and then in the Academie Colarossi. After meeting many other struggling artists including Czech illustrator Ludek Marold, Alphonse Mucha began working as a magazine illustrator. The magazine work brought in regular income. Alphonse Mucha became friends with the artist Paul Gauguin, and, for a time, they shared a studio. He also grew close to the Swedish playwright August Strindberg. In addition to his magazine illustration work, Mucha began providing pictures for books. Work With Sarah Bernhardt In late 1894, Alphonse Mucha was in the right place at the right time. Sarah Bernhardt, one of the worlds most famous actors, contacted the publishing house Lemercier to create a poster for her latest play Gismonda. Mucha was at the publishing house when the manager Maurice de Brunhoff received the call. Because he was available and said he could complete the work in two weeks, Brunhoff asked Mucha to create a new poster. The result was a more than life-size rendering of Sarah Bernhardt in the lead role in the play. Sarah Bernhardt in La Plume magazine. Buyenlarge / Getty Images The poster caused a sensation on the streets of Paris. Sarah Bernhardt ordered four thousand copies of it, and she signed Alphonse Mucha to a six-year contract. With his work displayed all over Paris, Mucha was suddenly famous. He became the designer of the official posters of each Bernhardt play. Enjoying the sudden increase in income, Mucha moved to a three-bedroom apartment with a large studio. Art Nouveau Success as a poster designer for Sarah Bernhardt brought Alphonse Mucha many other illustration commissions. He created a wide range of advertising posters for products from baby food to bicycles. He also provided cover illustrations for the magazine La Plume, a famous artistic and literary review published in Paris. His style featured women in lavish natural surroundings often swathed in flowers and other organic forms. Alphonse Mucha was a central artist in the emerging Art Nouveau style. Art nouveau advertisement for Waverley Cycles. Corbis Historical / Getty Images The Paris Universal Exposition of 1900 included a massive showcase of Art Nouveau. The work of many French designers in the style appeared, and many of the buildings constructed for the exposition included Art Nouveau design. Alphonse Mucha applied to the Austro-Hungarian government to create murals for the Bosnia and Herzegovina pavilion at the expo. After the government rejected his plan to create paintings depicting the suffering of the Slavic peoples of the area under foreign powers, he created a more upbeat salute to traditions of the Balkan region that included Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to his murals, Muchas work appeared in many other parts of the exposition. He created displays for jeweler Georges Fouquet and perfume maker Houbigant. His drawings were featured in the Austrian pavilion. Pleased with Muchas work, Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph I knighted him. He also earned the Legion of Honor from the French government. After the exposition, Georges Fouquet hired Mucha to design his new shop in Paris. It opened in 1901 featuring Art Nouveau-inspired decoration. The Slav Epic While continuing his work on illustrations in the first decade of the twentieth century, Alphonse Mucha did not give up on creating murals depicting the suffering of the Slavic people. He traveled to the U.S. in 1904 hoping to find funding for his project. He returned to Paris two months later, but, in 1906, he went back to the U.S. and stayed for three years. During the stay in the U.S., Mucha earned income as an instructor including a stint as a visiting professor at the Art Institute of Chicago. However, he did not find the patronage he needed and returned to Europe in 1909. Fortune shined on Mucha in February 2010. While in Chicago, he met Charles Richard Crane, heir to a fortune from his father who sold plumbing parts. Nearly a year after Mucha returned to Europe, Crane finally agreed to fund the creation of what became known as the Slav Epic. He also agreed to gift the finished pieces to the Prague government upon completion. Panel of Master Jan Hus Preaching at the Bethlehem Chapel (. Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images Mucha worked on the 20 paintings that make up the Slav Epic for 18 years from 1910 through 1928. He worked through World War I and the proclamation of the new Republic of Czechoslovakia. The completed set of paintings was shown once during Muchas lifetime in 1928. They were then rolled up and put into storage. They survived World War II and were placed on public display in 1963. They were moved to the National Gallerys Veletzni Palace in Prague, the Czech Republic in 2012. Personal Life and Legacy Alphonse Mucha married Maria Chytilova in 1906 in Prague just before traveling to the U.S. Their daughter Jaroslava was born in New York in 1909. She also gave birth to a son Jiri in Prague in 1915. Jaroslava worked as an artist, and Jiri worked to promote his fathers art and serve as an authority on Alphonse Muchas biography. In early 1939, the German army arrested and interrogated 78-year-old Alphonse Mucha after they occupied Czechoslovakia. He died of pneumonia on July 14, 1939, less than two months before the start of World War II. He is buried in Prague. Although during his lifetime, Alphonse Mucha fought efforts to tie him directly to Art Nouveau, his images are part of the definition of the style. By the time of his death, he took the greatest pride in his historical paintings. Muchas work was out of style at the time of his death, but it is very popular and well-respected today. Source Husslein-Arco, Agnes. Alphonse Mucha. Prestel, 2014.

Pol 211 Mile 2 Realism, idealism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pol 211 Mile 2 Realism, idealism - Essay Example The state is supposed to develop its interests first in terms of security when considering relationships with other states. Idealists view the national interest with reference to the balance of power. Idealist administrators seek to advance their national interests. Diplomacy is the art of combining national power to produce maximum effect to the international situation that will hence affect the national interest directly. The collapse of the Soviet Union is best described using the realism and idealism concept of â€Å"Balance of Power†. This was whereby Bush succeeds in convincing Gorbachev to implementing reform efforts towards shifting the USSR into a democratic system and a market-based economy. Gorbachev allows elections under a multi-party system and the presidency of the Soviet Union. This gradually develops the democracy that goes along with destabilizing communist control and later on the total collapse of the Soviet Union (Strayer, 1998,

What it takes to be a superior human being in Confucianism Essay

What it takes to be a superior human being in Confucianism - Essay Example According to Confucius, a superior human being listens to the critique with an evaluative attitude and does not turn a deaf ear to something that does not sound pleasing. Superior human beings search for truth and do what is proper in a particular situation at hand. Superior human beings make unbiased decisions and accordingly, do not have anything to expect from others. This is the reason why they always remain satisfied. â€Å"The superior man wouldn't recommend or promote a person based only on his words, nor would he ignore a man's words because of his behavior†. They do not get involved in controversies against other people and remain calm and quiet. Confucius held the opinion that individual’s inability to perceive and handle the reality is the fundamental cause of social disorder. Quite often, people call one another with wrong names. When things are not called by their proper names, this promotes social disorder. In Confucianism, a superior human being is the one who calls things by their proper names because calling things by incorrect names does not let the language remain consistent with the truth. This keeps the affairs from being carried on to success. When this happens, music and other proprieties can not flourish which in turn makes the punishments awarded improperly. As a result of this, people become troubled and can not work. Thus, a superior human being necessarily calls things by their proper names and makes sure that his speech is carried out appropriately.

Effectiveness of Exercise Programme to Prevent Falls

Effectiveness of Exercise Programme to Prevent Falls This chapter deals with the information collected in relation to the present study through published and unpublished materials for foundation, to prepare and to carry out the research work. SECTION A: Reviews related to need of exercise programme SECTION B: Reviews related to effect of age on balance SECTION C: Reviews related to effect of exercise on balance A: Reviews related to needs of exercise programme. Gardner, M.M.et al., (2000) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme in preventing falls. The design used for this study was controlled clinical trials. A total of 4933 older adults were participated, including both Men and women.11 trials met the criteria for inclusion, in which 8 of them were separate exercise interventions. Out of 8, five of them showed a significant reduction in falls rate. The conclusion of this study was, exercise is effective in reducing the fall risk in selected groups. Faber, MJ.et al.,(2006) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on mobility and falls among prefrail and frail older people. The design used for this study was multicenter randomized controlled study. The setting of the study was 15 long term care centers in Amsterdumin Netherland. 278 men and women (mean age ±SD, 85 ±6y) were included in the study. Exercise programmes were randomly distributed across 15 Homes. Each home participant was assigned to an intervention group and control group. The main outcome measures were performance oriented mobility assessment, physical performance score, and the Groningen activity restriction scale. Fall incidence was higher in control group 2.5 falls/year, but in case of experimental group2.4 falls/year. The conclusion of this study was fall incidences were higher in elderly people, who didn’t undergo exercise programme as compared to experimental group. Sherrington,C.et al.,(2008) conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis among old age people to assess the effectiveness of exercise programme on falls and to find out any particular components are associated with reduction in falls. The design used for this study was systematic review with Meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials that compaired falls rate in older people of both experimental group and control group. The pooled estimate effect of exercise was that it reduces the incidence of falls rate by 17% with 95% confidence interval p Theou, O.et al., (2011) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of current exercise programme on frailty management. The study design was systematic review. For the randomized controlled trial 8 electronic databases were searched, which helps to identify the participants were frail either in title, abstract, text, or in exercise. Three of the 47 studies utilized a validated definition of fragility to categorize the participants. Evidence suggested that exercise had a positive impact on functional ability outcomes. Cadore, E.L. et al., (2013) conducted a study to review the effect of exercise on functional ability of frail older adults. The study mainly focused on falls rate, lower body strength, and gait and balance. The data were collected from science direct, Medline from 1990-2012.Twenty studies were investigated, in that ten trials were mainly regarding the effect of exercise on balance performance and seven of them showed enhanced balance. As conclusion the authors says that there was great significance in multicomponent exercise intervention on gait ability, balance, strength, and reduction of falls rate among physically frail older adults. Fairhall,G., et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the perspectives of older people in a community falls prevention programme. The design used for this study was grounded theory approach. The intervention was based on 2 hour sessions, which took place in a community group setting once a week for 7 weeks. The cohorts of the older people were recruited through editorials in local papers and from mail shots. The volunteering older persons were to be more than 70 years, with previous history of falls or have concerned about falling. Participants were interviewed after 3 months following the fall prevention programme. The participants were able to recall all the aspect of content learning during the programme. From those interventions, exercise was the only beneficial and enjoyable intervention to the participants. The conclusion of the study reveals that exercise is one of an important fall prevention programme. Seoa B.D et al., (2008) conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of resistance and balance exercise for the reduction of fall risk among elderly females above the age group of 65 years. The design adopted for the study was single blind controlled trial, conducted for 12 weeks with pre and post exercise assessment. Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: resistance-training group, balance training group, and control group. The first two group showed significant improvement in balance as compared to control group after the intervention(p Debolt, L.S et al., (2004) conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of home based resistance exercise programme on mobility, power and balance in people with multiple sclerosis. The study was conducted in general community. The design used for this study was experimental group design. The sample size was twenty seven.19 of them were women and 8 of them were men.The group randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Experimental group underwent resistance exercise programme and control group for normal physical activity. The results of the study assessed by using, mobility assessment with the Up and Go test scale and leg extensor power rig. According to pretest score 3.19 and for posttest score was 3.95. So the authors concluded that home based resistance exercise training is effective to improve the leg extensor power within a short period of time. B: Reviews related to the effects of age on balance Teimoori,A.et al., (2012) conducted a study to examine the age at which loss of muscle velocity, balance in adult healthy Iranian Females.928 Iranian female participated in this study. They were in the age group of 20-26 years. The participants were divided in to four age groups. Balance ,velocity were assessed for each group according to the age group and timed by digital stop watch. The study showed that, between the age group of 23-30 years the muscle velocity and balance were same. But in case of 40 age group balance and muscle velocity were declined. By using one way ANOVA test balance and muscle velocity were differed with pnd and 3rddecades.The authors identified that age, balance, and muscle velocity had significant relationship with aging Tiffani E et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the association between measures of dynamic and static balance and performance of mobility task in elderly people of Western Carolina University. The design used was cross sectional analysis. The subjects were 195 community dwelling participants. Associations between balance and mobility measures were examined by using correlation and regression. Dynamic and static balance were moderately associated(r=-.462).Regression age and balance were significant predictors of walking speed outcome. The authors concluded that, assessment of dynamic and static balance is an important, to know the physical functioning and mobility of elderly people. Abrahamova,D. et al., conducted a study to examine aspects of balance control changes with age. The subjects participated for the study was between the age group (20-82).Centre of foot pressure positions used to evaluate body sway during a 50 second interval. Seven cop parameters were used to assess quiet stance and were analyzed in three groups. The regression analysis showed evident increase of body sway over 60 years of age. The normality of distribution of each cop parameter was examined by using the Kolmogorov –smirnov test. Mann Whitney test was used to analyze the differences between the age groups, if not normally distributed. If the cop parameters were normally distributed than two ways. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between the age groups. The level of significance was set at p Gomes,M.M al., (2012) conducted a study to analyze the postural control at different age. The aim of the study is to evaluate static and dynamic balance as well as the pattern of muscle activation in elderly women from different age groups. A total of 57 women, divided in to 3 groups according to their age. Group 1(n) =17, group2 (n) =20, group3 (n) =20.The center of pressure were analyzed. According to the age group, the participants showed similar displacement and muscle activation during static posture and dynamic posture. As by conclusion, the study proved that aging had an influence on balance and posture among elderly group. Osama, B et al., (2004) conducted a study on 30 normal elderly individuals and 40 normal young adults between the age group of (20-40) years. The purpose of this study was to know the balance in elderly, and to compare postural stability, balance control and gait pattern in normal elderly persons to those of normal young adults. All participants were subjected to history taking, full routine balance test and functional test. When comparing the balance scales there was a significant difference between the two groups were noticed. (p=0.005).From this study, the results proved that there was a significant decrease in scores of different balance scales in elderly persons compared to young adults, besides that there was significant decrease in percent of maximum stability and was lesser in older subjects as compared to younger subjects C: Reviews related to effect of exercise on balance Knerl,CJ et al.,(2009) conducted a study to examine the effect of 6 weeks of balance training and strength training on dynamic balance in older adults.51 seniors were participated.(17male and 34 females) between the age group of 60 and 93 years. Participants were divided in to 4 groups. 3 treatment groups and one control group. Each group were tested on measures of dynamic balance, flexibility and strength before and after 6 weeks of the exercise programme by using the outcome measures like Fullerton advanced balance scale. Repeated ANOVA’S shows that upper body strength and lower body flexibility including balance increased significantly (p Gusi,et al., (2013) conducted a study to determine the effects of balance training protocol with the balance system in institutionalized older people. 40 older adults were involved in study. The experimental group completed 12 week balance training protocol,2 sessions per week. Both the groups ‘received the same multidisciplinary care. The outcome measures were dynamic balance with the use of fall risk scale. The outcome measures were measured before and after the intervention. As compaired to control group, the experimental group had greater improvement at 12 weeks in case of dynamic balance. By conclusion the authors says that exercise programme was feasible on dynamic balance in institutionalized older people. More, T.S, Rao, K., et al., (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of 10 weeks of balance and strength training on dynamic balance of older adults. The study design was randomized controlled trial consists of 52 older adults between the age group of (60-75) years with having poor balance and strength. They were divided in to strength training group (Group A), balance training group (Group B) and combination group(Group C).The duration of the training programme was 10 weeks. Outcome measures used were berg balance scale and senior fitness scale. Within the group statistical analysis done by using paired t test within the groups, which shows that marked improvement in all age groups with (p Ullumen, G et al., (2010) conducted a study to examine the effects of exercise in improving balance, balance confidence and mobility in elderly people. The design used for this study was randomized control trial. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental group(n=25) and control group(n=22).The experimental group were attended 5 week of exercise programme,60 minutes 3 times per week. The outcome measures were (timed up and go), balance confidence scale, falls efficacy scale. Pretest and post test were conducted. After the intervention, in experimental group balance (p=0.030) and mobility (p=0.042) were increased, while fear of falling (p=0.042) decreased significantly. The participants of experimental group showed improvements in balance confidence (p=0.054).As by conclusion the researchers suggests that exercises are an effective way to improve mobility and balance, thus by reducing the risk of falling among community –dwelling elderly people. Zamanian, F., (2011) conducted a study to investigate the effects of balance exercise training on fall risk and postural control among older adults especially women.40 elderly people were participated in this study. The static balance and fall risk were measured by using Tandem and semi-tandem test, berg balance scale questionare.The subjects were divided in to experimental group and control group. Experimental group underwent 8 weeks of exercise programme. The control group didn’t participate in any of training programme. Outcome measures were analyzed after the intervention. Comparison was carried out by using paired t test and independent t test and correlation analyzed by Pearson correlation. After balance training the ability of older women in semi tandem and in tandem position was (p=0.007) and (p=0.02) respectively. So from this study, the authors concluded that balance control improves the postural control and reduces the risk of fall in older women (p=0.001). Helbostard, JL et al., (2004) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of home training exercises on functional abilities of old aged people with functional disabilities and balance problems. The design adopted for this Study was randomized trial with 77 persons aged 75 or more than that. Home training and combined training group were included in this study, for a period of 12 weeks. The exercises, rate of falls and balance functions were assessed with the outcome measures like Timed up and Go test, Maximum step length and timed pick up and sit to stand(p Bird, M et al.,(2009) conducted a study to examine the long term effects of a multicomponent exercise on balance ,mobility, and exercise behavior among healthy older adults between the age group of (65-75) years. The design used for the study was randomized control intervention. The duration of the study was 12 months. Differences between those subjects, who continued to exercise and those who discontinued were investigated. The subjects who continued exercise had significantly greater improvement in strength after the intervention as compaired to those who discontinued. (p=0.004) Bird, M.L et al., (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effects of a Pilates intervention on balance and function among community dwelling older adults above 60 years. The design used was randomized cross over study for 16 weeks, conducted in university exercise clinic. Community dwelling older adults (n=32) were selected. Out of 32, 27 were completed the intervention. Participants were allocated to either 5 weeks of a group Pilates training intervention for experimental group and 5 weeks of usual activity for control. After the 6 week, subjects performed alternate intervention. The outcome measures were 4 square test and Timed up and Go test. The results revealed that there was a significant improvement in static and dynamic balance from pre post Pilates (p Bulat, T et al (2007) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of group functional balance training on balance outcomes in community dwelling elderly people. The study was conducted in Haley Veterans hospital in USA. The research design adopted for this study was one group pretest post-test. The participated study subjects were 51.These study subjects were participated in functional balance training programme once in a week and it lasts for a period of eight weeks.1 hour classes were conducted weekly ones.84% of elderly people were completed five or more classes weekly. The outcome measures were evaluated by using berg balance scale, Limits of stability, before and after the balance training classes. The result of the study reveals that, there was a significant improvement in the Berg Balance Scale (p